Digital Repository of the University of Fallujah

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Digital Repository of the University of Fallujah

Welcome to the Digital Repository of the University of Fallujah

The Digital Repository of the University of Fallujah is a centralized platform designed to preserve and showcase the academic, research, and scholarly contributions of our university community. This repository serves as a vital resource for faculty, students, and researchers, offering access to a wide range of digital content including:

  • Research papers, theses, and dissertations
  • Academic publications and conference proceedings
  • Course materials and lecture notes
  • Multimedia content and archival materials

By providing open access to these valuable resources, the repository aims to support knowledge sharing, foster academic collaboration, and enhance the visibility of the University of Fallujah’s scholarly work on a global scale. Explore, learn, and contribute to our growing collection!

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University of Fallujah News

Latest News

University Hosts Annual Research Conference

March 2025

The University of Fallujah recently hosted its annual research conference, bringing together scholars, students, and industry experts to discuss the latest developments in science and technology.

New Digital Repository Launched

November 15, 2024

We are excited to announce the launch of the Digital Repository, providing open access to the university's academic and research materials for global audiences.

New University of Fallujah System Released

November 15, 2024

The University of Fallujah has launched a new system to enhance administrative processes and improve student services. This system aims to streamline academic records, facilitate communication, and provide a user-friendly platform for students, faculty, and staff.

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    Assessing Awareness Level of Agricultural Extension Agents Regarding Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture Sector and Coping Strategies
    (ResearchersLinks Ltd, 2025-01-20) Adnan Ibrahim Khamis; Jasim Mohammed Saleh; Najwa S. Ali; and Anhar Mohamed Ali Hasan
    This study was aimed at identifying the awareness level of the agricultural extension staff in the Agricultural Extension, Department of Training and its affiliated training centers in Baghdad Governorate, regarding climate change and its effects on the agricultural sector and identifying the mechanisms and procedures adopted by the agricultural extension regarding these risks. These procedures included five topics (administrative and technical, irrigation water, crops, agricultural land, and environment). Researchers included agricultural adviser staff in the Department of Agricultural Extension and its affiliated training centers so that the number of targeted staff was reached (161). The questionnaire used to collect data was adopted, it included two fields, The first included (20) statements to identify the level of awareness of agricultural extension staff for the risks of climate change on the agricultural sector, while the second field included (50) statements representing mechanisms and procedures adopted by agricultural extension in facing these risks. A statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used to process the research data. So this study showed that most agricultural extension staff have a high level of awareness regarding climate change and its impact on the agricultural sector especially in administrative and technical issues related to crops and irrigation water conservation, also there are no joint units and committees for emergency management and risks resulting from the consequences of climate change, lack of cooperation and coordination with local and international efforts in exchanging climate information and significant weakness in the application of laws and legislation that would hold parties that contribute to accountability and deterioration of the agricultural environment. The study recommends activating the role of agricultural extension due to the phenomenon of climate change in the agricultural sector.
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    A PROPOSED VISION FOR DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION CENTERS IN CENTRAL IRAQ
    (Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researches in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO), 2024-06-05) A.I. KHAMIS; N.S. ALI; J.M. SALEH
    The research aimed to prepare a theoretical vision, including a set of proposed standards for developing work in Agricultural Extension Centers in the Central Governorates (Baghdad, Diyala, Babylon, Al-anbar, and Salah al-Din), within seven important guiding areas. Using the descriptive approach to conduct this study, the sample community included all agricultural extension workers working in research centers of central Iraq governorates, totaling 95 respondents. The two-part questionnaire served as a tool for collecting data from the respondents. The first part represented opinions of agricultural extension agents about the extent of application and adoption of suggested standards in the work of agricultural extension centers. Meanwhile, the second part included the respondents’ opinions about the degree of their approval of the proposal to develop the extension centers. The study concluded a large proportion of the respondents believe a weakness existed in the level of application of the recommended standards in the operation of the agricultural extension centers. It is evident in not adopting the principle of decentralization when formulating the goals of the extension centers.
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    Thermal Performance of Ferrocement Slabs Reinforced with Recycled PET Fibers
    (Springer Nature, 2025-04-05) Nahla Hilal; Abdulkader I. Al-Hadithi; Jamal A. Khalaf; Farah A. Al-Fahdawi; Zouaoui R. Harrat; Taher A. Tawfik
    This study aimed to identify the optimal ratio of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers to enhance the structural performance of ferrocement slabs, particularly under varying high-temperature conditions. The research examines the effects of PET fibers on the hardened properties of ferrocement mortar, as well as how both PET fibers and elevated temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C) influence the impact and mechanical behavior of the material. To achieve this, four volumetric proportions of PET fibers (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) were first used to identify the optimum PET content, which was found to be 0.75%. The impact and mechanical behavior of ferrocement slabs were then investigated using the optimized mix. To evaluate the impact behavior, a total of 25 two-way slabs of 500 mm × 500 mm × 50 mm were prepared and tested. The parameters were (a) fiber content (0% and 0.75%), (b) layers of steel wire mesh reinforcement (0, 2, and 4 layers), and (c) elevated temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C). These were organized to have five different slab configurations: zero reinforcement layer (0L) and zero fiber (0F) (0L-0F); 2L-0F, 4L-0F, 2L-0.75F, and 4L-0.75F. Each of these slabs was tested under the five selected elevated temperatures, making the 25 specimens needed. The same parameters were repeated to evaluate the flexural behavior of ferrocement slabs using 25 one-way slabs with dimensions of 1200 mm × 150 mm × 50 mm. The results indicated that PET fibers decreased density and ultrasonic pulse velocity while increasing water absorption. At a PET fiber content of 0.75%, the compressive and flexural strengths increased by 17.85% and 5.79%, respectively, after 28 days. Strength loss was minimal up to 200 °C, but significant reductions were observed beyond 400 °C. The optimal performance was found in slabs with 0.75% PET and two layers of reinforcement at 200 °C, displaying improved flexural strength, toughness, and ductility. At 600 °C, the breakdown of the plastic fibers resulted in a substantial performance decline. Overall, the findings show that PET fibers enhance ferrocement performance up to 400 °C but experience degradation at higher temperatures.
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    Possibility of Adding Biomedical Waste Plastic as Asphalt Performance Improvers
    (AIP Conf. Proc. 3303, 040006, 2025-03-31) Nahla Naji Hilal; Khalid Awadh Mohammed; Sattar A. Mutlag; Alaa Dahamm Mamdooh
    There are many types of human waste, including biomedical waste plastic, which is infectious and toxic, and its disposal is one of the main problems facing developing countries. In the process, countries must establish an extensive network of roads to maintain a stable economic and social environment. Research has shown that bitumen limitations necessitate careful consideration when building highways and transportation networks for development. It is possible to use biomedical plastic waste in road construction, reducing its environmental impact. It is considered economical and capable of improving the performance and characteristics of paved roads. The research aims to investigate the impact of biomedical waste plastic on the rheological characterization of bitumen, utilizing safer insulin syringes after treatment. Using mixing techniques, we prepared the modified bitumen from the waste. We added it gradually after heating the asphalt and waste. Researchers found that adding it could improve the bitumen's rheological properties, like its low penetration, flash point, fire point, and ductility, while still meeting the requirements for asphalt and having a high softening point and viscosity. In general, the results showed that increasing the content of biomedical waste as a percentage of the weight of bitumen improves the rheological properties of bitumen and paving performance. This also reduces the effect of cracking and improves the susceptibility temperature of asphalt. The results also demonstrated a 9.75% material cost reduction. This approach not only allows for the prudent disposal of hazardous biomedical plastic waste, but also reduces construction costs by saving some bitumen, making this type of asphalt more suitable for use in hot areas.
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    Investigation of the morphological and histological features of the testes of pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in pre-puberty and post-puberty
    (Open Veterinary Journal, (2024), Vol. 14(9): 2163-2169, 2024-08-11) Harith Humadi Khalaf; Oday Alawi Al-Juhaishi; Muntadher Salman Ashour
    Background: Morphological and histological examination of the testes can provide a suitable insight into the health of the reproductive system. Aim: The objective of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological features of the testes of local pigeons (Columba livia domestica) at mature and immature stages of age. Methods: Two groups of collected specimens underwent macroscopic and microscopic investigation to evaluate and compare the main general properties of their testes. Results: The findings indicated that the testis has an oval shape in both pre-puberty and post-puberty stages, situated on the inner side of the kidney towards the caudal extreme of the lungs. However, the left testis was bigger than those on the right side. In the pre-puberty stage group, the testicular parenchyma was small, and almost collapsed seminiferous tubules containing a single layer of Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. In contrast, in the post-puberty stage, the parenchyma space between seminiferous tubules was small, and tubules adhered closely to each other. Also, mature cells including sertoli, spermatogonia, and spermatocytes were noticed to spread within the tubules. Conclusion: The change in the histological structure of testes before and after maturity may help to evaluate the complexity of the male reproductive system of pigeons and draw attention to the organization of sex hormones and the function of several types of cells within the testes.
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    The influence of waste polypropylene fibers on the behavior of sustainable reinforced concrete beams
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2025-02-04) Nahla Hilal; Sulaiman Nayef Ahmed; Ayad S. Aadi; Mohammed Nawar; Salih Taner Yildirim; Nadhim Hamah Sor
    Plastic waste has recently become one of the most important environmental issues. Plastic fibers in concrete provide a long-term solution to plastic waste management. Concrete is a rigid material and has superior compressive strength but has poor tensile strength. Using waste plastic fibers in concrete can address its brittleness and low tensile strength. In this study, waste polypropylene fiber (WPF) prepared from discarded plastic tapes in reinforced concrete (RC) beams was used. WPF of 5 mm width was added to the concrete at a volumetric percentage of 1%. The fibers were added at different lengths (50, 70, and 90 mm) individually, and then all lengths were mixed randomly. This study provides the results of laboratory tests conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the WPF-RC. Additionally, a comparison of RC beams with the same percentage of reinforcement but varying lengths of WPF in the tensile zone was provided. The criteria for the flexural test were determining the ultimate load, the yield, and the first cracking as well as the deflections associated with these loads. Evaluations of the energy absorption index, ductility, and failure modes were also carried out. The WPF enhanced the ultimate load by 5%, the deflection at the ultimate load by 33.26%, and the splitting tensile strength by 51.47% for the concrete. Additionally, the load– deflection relationships demonstrated that concrete beams reinforced with WPF tend to deflect more before failing. The energy absorption index capacity is increased by 94.36% and ductility by 25.83% for the beam reinforced with 1% WPF, mixed randomly at mixing randomly lengths. This possible enhancement of RC beam performance based on the WPF can promote the use of sustainable concrete in many structural applications based on the WPF.
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    Investigating Specific Calprotectin and Immunological Markers Associated With Intestinal Infections Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
    (2024-10-01) Hamssa M. Mustafa; Anas Abdullah Hamad; Osama A. Mohsein3
    Background: Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic organism that infects the intestines and causes dysentery, characterized by intestine inflammation. Objectives: We aimed to estimate calprotectin levels and their relationship to the severity and progression of intestinal inflammation. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Al-Habbobi Teaching Hospital Thi-Qar, Al-Nasseriah, Iraq, from March 10 to October 1, 2023. The sample included 50 men and 50 women aged in three groups: 25–29, 30-34, and >34 years. We employed microscopy, direct wet method, and formal-ether concentration approach to detect parasites. Also, we employed nzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring fecal calprotectin (FC) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and XP-Sysmex for detecting white blood cells. Results: The calprotectin levels below 50 ng/mL were more common in the second age group. The third age group had calprotectin values of 50 ng/mL. In the first age group (25–29 years old), calprotectin frequency was similar. CRP levels were equal in the first age group. In the second age group (30–34 years), negative CRP outnumbered positive CRP. Positive CRP was more common than negative in the third age group of >34 years. The group above 35 had the highest general stool examination (GSE) and antigen Ag detection rates, while those aged 30–34 years in the control group had the highest. Conclusion: Calprotectin levels less than 50 ng/mL were more frequent in the age group of 30-34 years, while calprotectin levels greater than 50 ng/mL were more frequent in the age group <35 years. CRP levels were equal in frequency in the first age group. Negative CRP was more common than positive CRP in the second age group. Positive CRP was more common than negative CRP in the third age group.
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    Mutation on Theileria species in cattle in Fallujah city, west region of Iraq
    (30/9/2024, 2024-08-17) Dunya A. A. Mohammed Salih
    Background: Theileriosis infection is a tick-borne disease that leads to global animal morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. Aim: This study aimed to examine Theileriosis infection by traditional and molecular methods. Methods: A total of 100 blood samples of local breed cows were examined by Giemsa smearing under a microscope, amplified- PCR in region 18SrRNA PCR at 600bp, and DNA sequencing analysis of the genetic relationships. Results: The clinical signs showed that an elevated fever (40.3°C–41.5°C), an asymmetrical extension of superficially prescapular lymph nodes, lacrimation, icteric mucus membranes eyes, ecchymotic hemorrhages on the sclera, dullness, lethargy, salivation, and ticks presence. Giemsa-stained blood smear and conventional PCR were revealed 24% and 73% for infection respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with DNA sequencing analysis of accession number: OQ779946.1, OQ779947.1, OQ779949.1, OQ779952.1, OQ779953.1 and OQ779953.1, belonging to Theileria annulata; acc. nos.: OQ779950.1, OQ779951.1 belong to Theileria parva; acc. nos.: OQ779948.1, OQ779960.1 belongs to Theileria species; acc. no.: OQ779955.1, OQ779957.1, OQ779958.1 belong to T. sergenti; and OQ779956.1, OQ779959.1 belong to Theileria orientalis. Nucleotide substitutions of transversion and transitions occurred in 11 types containing gaps and missing are A>T; A>C; A>G; C>A; C>G; C>T; G>A; G>C; G>T; T>A; T>C for 254 positions in the final dataset. Conclusion: This study showed theileriosis infection is highly endemic and represents the first investigation into the use of molecular phylogeny to classify Theileria in Fallujah city, West Region of Iraq. Keywords: Cattle, Fallujah city, Molecular study, Theileria spp.
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    Detection of the levels of immune cytokines (IL4, IL5, TNF-α) in schoolage and preschoolers with an Ascaris lumbricoides infection
    (Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2024-03-25) Anas Abdullah Hamad; Hamssa Majid Mustafa; Osama A. Mohsein3
    Gastrointestinal parasite infections have been identified as a significant public health concern in regions with high humidity levels globally. Ascaris lumbricoides, a prevalent human pathogen, is widely distributed throughout several regions globally. It is estimated that around 1.5 billion cases are attributed only to A. Lumbricoides. These types of disorders are associated with a wide range of diseases. Several animal studies have demonstrated the significance of T helper cell type 2 responses to helminths in the digestive system, as well as the crucial role of specific interleukins (ILs), such as IL-4 and IL-5, in eliminating parasites and combating infections. However, there is a limited body of research examining the response of human cytokines to gut helminths, particularly in relation to the cellular reactions to Ascariasis in populations where it is prevalent. This is a case-control study and included 100 children suffering from Ascaris infection, aged between 4 and 15 years, and 50 healthy children as a control group. Samples were collected at Al-Habobbi Teaching Hospital after ethical approval. The children were diagnosed by stool examination and the concentration method was performed. Five milliliter of blood was collected from each participant, and the levels of interleukins 4, interleukins 5 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The levels of TNF-α and IL-5 exhibited statistically significant variance between the preschool and school-age groups at P=<0.01. The difference in the level of IL-4 was non-significant between preschool and school-age groups at P>0.05. The difference in the levels of TNF-α and IL-5 was significant between control and moderate infection (P=<0.05), while that of IL-4 was non-significant (P>0.05). When comparing control, the modest groups showed significantly higher IL-5 and IL-4 levels (P=>0.05). The difference in TNF-α, IL-5 and IL4 levels between mild and control groups was significant (P<0.001), except for TNF-α which was not significant (P=0.86). The difference in levels of interleukins in children according to age group and severity of infection indicates the role of the cellular immune response in the emergence and development of the disease and its severity in children
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    Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Predominance in Iraq’s Southern Governorates
    (2024-12-12) Hamssa Majid Mustafa1; Anas Abdullah Hamad; Osama A. Mohsein
    Aim: Common parasites that can cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans include Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. These parasites are abundant in Iraq’s Southern Governorates, while exact statistics on prevalence rates may be lacking. Inadequate sanitation, contaminated drinking water, and poor personal hygiene all help to transmit these parasites. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica and G. lamblia in the Southern Governorates. Materials and Methods: From January 2022 to December 2022, this study conducted a retrospective cohort study using the data from patients seeking medical care in hospitals and health centers in Iraq’s Southern Governorates. Microscopic inspection verified the diagnosis. The data were analyzed using the age groups, gender, season, and geographic dispersion. Results: G. lamblia was significantly outnumbered by E. histolytica across each province. Wasit Governorate has the most E. histolytica at 26.6%, whereas Maysan has 8.4% G. lamblia. All the seasons showed a greater incidence of E. histolytica, while spring showing the biggest variation (27.1%). E. histolytica outnumbered G. lamblia in all age groups, particularly among children aged 1–4 (31.3% vs. 3.6%) years. Males were more likely than females to have E. histolytica (58.96%) and G. lamblia (41.04%). Conclusion: Through microscopic examination, this study detected G. lamblia and E. histolytica infections in 2000 patients. Geographical location, age, and gender all had an impact on the incidence of those diseases, which differed throughout the Southern Governorates of Iraq