I-ii- Pathological Analysis
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Item Investigating Specific Calprotectin and Immunological Markers Associated With Intestinal Infections Caused by Entamoeba histolytica(2024-10-01) Hamssa M. Mustafa; Anas Abdullah Hamad; Osama A. Mohsein3Background: Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic organism that infects the intestines and causes dysentery, characterized by intestine inflammation. Objectives: We aimed to estimate calprotectin levels and their relationship to the severity and progression of intestinal inflammation. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Al-Habbobi Teaching Hospital Thi-Qar, Al-Nasseriah, Iraq, from March 10 to October 1, 2023. The sample included 50 men and 50 women aged in three groups: 25–29, 30-34, and >34 years. We employed microscopy, direct wet method, and formal-ether concentration approach to detect parasites. Also, we employed nzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring fecal calprotectin (FC) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and XP-Sysmex for detecting white blood cells. Results: The calprotectin levels below 50 ng/mL were more common in the second age group. The third age group had calprotectin values of 50 ng/mL. In the first age group (25–29 years old), calprotectin frequency was similar. CRP levels were equal in the first age group. In the second age group (30–34 years), negative CRP outnumbered positive CRP. Positive CRP was more common than negative in the third age group of >34 years. The group above 35 had the highest general stool examination (GSE) and antigen Ag detection rates, while those aged 30–34 years in the control group had the highest. Conclusion: Calprotectin levels less than 50 ng/mL were more frequent in the age group of 30-34 years, while calprotectin levels greater than 50 ng/mL were more frequent in the age group <35 years. CRP levels were equal in frequency in the first age group. Negative CRP was more common than positive CRP in the second age group. Positive CRP was more common than negative CRP in the third age group.Item Detection of the levels of immune cytokines (IL4, IL5, TNF-α) in schoolage and preschoolers with an Ascaris lumbricoides infection(Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2024-03-25) Anas Abdullah Hamad; Hamssa Majid Mustafa; Osama A. Mohsein3Gastrointestinal parasite infections have been identified as a significant public health concern in regions with high humidity levels globally. Ascaris lumbricoides, a prevalent human pathogen, is widely distributed throughout several regions globally. It is estimated that around 1.5 billion cases are attributed only to A. Lumbricoides. These types of disorders are associated with a wide range of diseases. Several animal studies have demonstrated the significance of T helper cell type 2 responses to helminths in the digestive system, as well as the crucial role of specific interleukins (ILs), such as IL-4 and IL-5, in eliminating parasites and combating infections. However, there is a limited body of research examining the response of human cytokines to gut helminths, particularly in relation to the cellular reactions to Ascariasis in populations where it is prevalent. This is a case-control study and included 100 children suffering from Ascaris infection, aged between 4 and 15 years, and 50 healthy children as a control group. Samples were collected at Al-Habobbi Teaching Hospital after ethical approval. The children were diagnosed by stool examination and the concentration method was performed. Five milliliter of blood was collected from each participant, and the levels of interleukins 4, interleukins 5 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. The levels of TNF-α and IL-5 exhibited statistically significant variance between the preschool and school-age groups at P=<0.01. The difference in the level of IL-4 was non-significant between preschool and school-age groups at P>0.05. The difference in the levels of TNF-α and IL-5 was significant between control and moderate infection (P=<0.05), while that of IL-4 was non-significant (P>0.05). When comparing control, the modest groups showed significantly higher IL-5 and IL-4 levels (P=>0.05). The difference in TNF-α, IL-5 and IL4 levels between mild and control groups was significant (P<0.001), except for TNF-α which was not significant (P=0.86). The difference in levels of interleukins in children according to age group and severity of infection indicates the role of the cellular immune response in the emergence and development of the disease and its severity in childrenItem Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Predominance in Iraq’s Southern Governorates(2024-12-12) Hamssa Majid Mustafa1; Anas Abdullah Hamad; Osama A. MohseinAim: Common parasites that can cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans include Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. These parasites are abundant in Iraq’s Southern Governorates, while exact statistics on prevalence rates may be lacking. Inadequate sanitation, contaminated drinking water, and poor personal hygiene all help to transmit these parasites. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of E. histolytica and G. lamblia in the Southern Governorates. Materials and Methods: From January 2022 to December 2022, this study conducted a retrospective cohort study using the data from patients seeking medical care in hospitals and health centers in Iraq’s Southern Governorates. Microscopic inspection verified the diagnosis. The data were analyzed using the age groups, gender, season, and geographic dispersion. Results: G. lamblia was significantly outnumbered by E. histolytica across each province. Wasit Governorate has the most E. histolytica at 26.6%, whereas Maysan has 8.4% G. lamblia. All the seasons showed a greater incidence of E. histolytica, while spring showing the biggest variation (27.1%). E. histolytica outnumbered G. lamblia in all age groups, particularly among children aged 1–4 (31.3% vs. 3.6%) years. Males were more likely than females to have E. histolytica (58.96%) and G. lamblia (41.04%). Conclusion: Through microscopic examination, this study detected G. lamblia and E. histolytica infections in 2000 patients. Geographical location, age, and gender all had an impact on the incidence of those diseases, which differed throughout the Southern Governorates of IraqItem Effect of the injection of protoscolex antigens for hydatid cysts on some immunological parameters and the protection of injury(Research Journal of Biotechnology, 2024-11-11) Hussain Abdalwahab Bdewi; Abbas Khetam Mohammed; Hamad Laheeb RajabAbstract This study aimed to that capability of preparation of antigens from protoscolex found inside the hydatid cyst and likewise possibility of preparing antigen providing protection of the injury of this cysts. Cystic echinococcosis is the more important parasitic disease caused by a cestode tapeworm of species Echinococcus granulosus, spreading a lot in Iraq and the Eastern Mediterranean Countries in addition to its world distribution. The protoscolex found inside hydatid cysts results from the germinal layer of hydatid cyst isolated from people by the surgery section at the Fallujah teaching hospital to find out the extent of its influence on both of the cellular and humeral immunity. 20 white mice (Balb/c) were divided into two groups, the first group of white mice (Balb/ c) was injected subcutaneously with a concentration of 0.1ml of antigen and it measured antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE as well as injected with complement C3, C4 and the insulation of neutrophil cells and measuring percentage of phagocytosis, reduction of a dye NBT and viability of neutrophil cells and in the second group, the protoscolex was injected in the liver with a concentration 0.1ml to find out the extent of prevention provided by the antigen to prevent or to reduce injury. The results showed a significant increase for all types of antibodies and complements C3 , C4 and reduction of a dye NBT and phagocytosis especially at the time 60 minute and the results were not showing significant differences on viability of neutrophil cells. As for prevention of injury, the results have shown a significant difference at the level < 0.05 and reached the percentage of prevention 56.4 % compared to the subordinate control. The results showed small size of the hydatid cyst in the experience parameters compared to the subordinate control.Item A study of the prevalence of psoriasis in the city of Fallujah and its correlation with some immunological and hematological parameters(Research Journal of Biotechnology, 2024-11-11) Abdulkhaliq Roua Jamal; Almawla Saleem Obaid Gatia; Hussain Abdalwahab Bedwi; , Ismael Anwar Khalil; Muhammed Rawaa AdnanAbstract Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease with associated systemic inflammation. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of psoriasis in the city of Fallujah on 859 patients visiting dermatology physician and also to determine the effect of psoriasis on the levels of some hematological parameters including total and differential white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, platelets count in 102 psoriatic patient and 62 people for control. The study concluded presence of mild prevalence of cutaneous psoriasis among patients visiting dermatologist physicians in Fallujah city which was abundant mostly in young adults (21-30) years and elevated incidence in males. Some hematological markers could be considered as a tool for differentiating cutaneous psoriasis from other cutaneous infections and have correlations with PASI system of diagnosis. WBCs count was elevated in psoriasis. The most abundant types in psoriasis are neutrophils and lymphocytes and platelets would be lower in psoriatic patients in correlation with severity of the disease.Item Exosome-mediated Transfer of lncRNA in Liver Associated Diseases; Uncovered Truths(Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-024-01617-x, 2024-11-20) Raed Obaid Saleh1; Hamad Ali Hamad; Maryam Abdulrahman Najim; Soumya V. Menon; Mandeep Kaur; G. V. Sivaprasad; Mohammad Abohassan; Wen-Tau Juan; Beneen Husseen; Yasser Fakri MustafaAbstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 40 to 160 nm. They are produced by hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and Kupffer cells in liver tissue. The secretion of exosomes might vary in quantity and composition in reaction to multiple triggers and various stages of disease. They transport various payloads, such as proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and enable cell interaction to regulate myriad physiological and pathological processes in liver tissue. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a crucial component of exosomes with an excellent capability to regulate multiple cellular activities such as differentiation, development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and activation. With the advancements in transcriptomic and genomic study methods and database management technology, the functions and mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs in liver diseases have been well-studied. This article delves into the detailed role of exosomal lncRNAs in liver disease onset and progression, ranging from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to liver fibrosis drug-induced liver damage (DILI) and steatotic liver diseases.Item Effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticle size on antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria(Elsevier, 2024-11) Anas Yahya Ali; Abd-Alrahman Khalid Alani; Barakat O. Ahmed; Layth L. HamidAg NPs have garnered significant attention in the field of biomedical applications due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic effects. The present study aimed to establish a simple, reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of Ag NPs in different sizes using extracts from Syzygium aromaticum and Laurus nobilis and study the relationship between the size of Ag NPs and their antibacterial and anti-biofilm effectiveness. The synthesized Ag NPs were extensively characterized using various techniques, such as XRD, SEM, UV–vis and FTIR. Importantly, the study evaluated the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Ag NPs in two different size (12 nm and 45 nm) against MDR and biofilm-producing pathogenic bacteria, including Kocuria rosea, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus lentus. The antibacterial activity of the larger Ag NPs-SA (45 nm) ranging between 14–25 mm while for the smaller Ag NPs-LN (12 nm) ranging between 26–48 mm against pathogenic bacteria. The MIC values for Ag NPs-LN were between 16 - 32 µg/ml while for Ag NPs-SA were 64 µg/ml. The MIC value of the Ag NPs decreased as their size decreased, indicating higher potency against the tested bacterial strains. Furthermore, the smaller Ag NPs-LN exhibited a higher rate of biofilm inhibition that reach 88% compared to the larger Ag NPs that reach 70%. This study provides novel evidence that the enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Ag NPs are directly correlated with their decreased nanoscale size. These findings highlight the potential of Ag NPs as a promising adjuvant in the management of bacterial infections, particularly those involving MDR and biofilm-producing pathogens, which pose a significant challenge in clinical settings.